First of all, how are you measuring bacterial growth? Id be rather
skeptical that growth was enhanced in the presence of small amounts of
disinfectants.
As far as how they work, bleach and hydrogen peroxide are both oxidizing
agents. They strip electrons from cellular molecules, which alters the
functions of these molecules.
Doaps and detergents are often called anionic (meaning they carry a net
negative charge), cationic (carries a net positive charge), or non-ionic
(no charge).